Sold by Legendary solutions and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. At that time it was the highest-energy cosmic ray that had ever been observed. The Oh-My-God particle ' s energy was estimated as 3. This is 20 million times more energetic than the highest energy measured in electromagnetic radiation emitted by an extragalactic object. Assuming it was a proton, this particle traveled at At this speed, if a photon were travelling with the particle, it would take over , years for the photon to gain a 1 cm lead as seen from the Earth's reference frame.
The energy of this particle is some 40 million times that of the highest energy protons that have been produced in any terrestrial particle accelerator. However, only a small fraction of this energy would be available for an interaction with a proton or neutron on Earth, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the products of the interaction.
For the Oh-My-God particle, this gives 7. While the particle's energy was higher than anything achieved in terrestrial accelerators, it was still about 40 million times lower than the Planck energy.
I highly recommend this book and it should be purchased by everyone. I completely liked the way it was written, and the ease in which it can be understand. Thinking the right way and presenting the truth is the key. This author did the both. This book indeed got my attention and made me really think about the God particles. I wasn't assured I would like it but I'm happy to have such a great book. I'll listen to anything, but to say that the narration is poor doesn't even come close.
This isn't a cogent, coherent book: these are the ramblings one might expect from an inebriated drunk or someone who has taken far too many tranquilisers. I defy you to 'last' for any longer than the five or so minutes I could tolerate.
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The first picture constructed of atoms was similar to that of our solar system, with protons and neutrons centered in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around them. All elements of this model carry the virtue of perfect mathematical explanation and experimental verification. There have been numerous fallacious claims about the proof or disproof of the existence of God through this particle.
Following this tradition, one of our main goals in this book is to show the falsity of the claims mentioned above. In addition, we will also discuss whether it is possible to establish an analogy between the hiddenness of God and the God Particle, and touch upon some philosophical lessons we can learn from the veritable success of the human mind in comprehending the universe.
We will conclude the book by drawing attention to some open questions about physics and its philosophy, and the limits of science.
Prior to this, we will briefly introduce to you the God Particle and its significance and give a brief outline of what is being done at CERN.
Mass is inertia; without it, everything would fly off at the speed of light, just like massless photons. Neither the stars, nor the earth, nor we would have existed in a universe without mass. How the mass comes about and related questions became a notable topic of scrutiny among physicists from the 20 th century on.
Among them, Higgs proposed a very successful mathematical model that explains how fundamental particles acquire mass, as well as other connected issues. The model was also successfully utilized in other fields of research, further solidifying its reliability. Notwithstanding, there have also been cases where experimental discoveries happened independently from a previously established theory.
A famous example is the discovery of the expanding universe. When Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding, he had not been doing his observational research in an attempt to verify the theoretical propositions of George Lemaitre and Alexander Friedmann. The discovery of the cosmic background radiation is a well-known example of this. While Robert Dicke and his coworkers had long been searching for the theoretical radiation proposed by George Gamow and others, its discovery and a subsequent Noble Prize happened to be in the hands of Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who coincidentally discovered the radiation while working on something totally unrelated had the theory not been already established, they would have probably not made sense of what they were observing.
Most fundamental particles of the standard model have been discovered in this way e. Indeed, the experiments which have proven the existence of Higgs were performed in quite sophisticated, high-technology and expensive laboratories that were specifically built with this particular goal: a serendipitous or theory-independent discovery would have been extremely unlikely.
The Higgs Field describes a phenomenon omnipresent in the universe. In fact, we live inside this field which is the very cause of our masses unaware of it, like fish do not know they are in water. Let us try to better understand the Higgs Field through the following analogy: imagine a crowd of people in a town square, representing the Higgs field.
A very famous singer, a not-so-famous one and a totally unknown person try to walk across this square. The famous singer would hardly be able to move due to the passion of his fans remember that mass in inertia , while the less-known one would experience less hardship except sporadic fan encounters and the unknown person would walk across most easily. Analogously, the massless photons do not interact at all with the Higgs field and move at the highest possible speed the speed of light , whereas interaction with this field grants the top quark 40 times more mass than its partner, the bottom quark.
Just as the crowd in our analogy can occasionally congregate here and there, the Higgs field can reveal itself as the Higgs Particle. The primary reason why the Higgs Particle has been so elusive for 48 years is the need for attaining extremely high levels of energies. Being about one-hundred times more massive than a proton, the Higgs Particle requires much higher energies in the particle accelerators, and it lives only for a very brief amount of time.
This necessitated a gigantic particle accelerating machine, requiring high technology, sophisticated international teamwork and, last but not least, billions of dollars. Two collaborative teams CMS and Atlas have worked independently and they both announced their discovery of Higgs in Why God Particle?
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